a²-1-2ab+b² =(a²-2ab+b² )-1=(a-b)^2-1=(a-b+1)(a-b-1)4ab-a²-4b²+1 =-(a²-4ab+4b²)+1=1-(a-2b)^2=(1+a-2b)(1-a+2b)m²-4n²-4m+4=m²-4m+4-4n²=(m-2)^2-4n²=(m-2+2n)(m-2-2n)x²+2x-4y²-4y=x²-4y²+2x-4y=(x+2y)(x-2y)+2(x-2y)=(x-2y)(x+2y+2)